Verdigris

About the chemical structure:

Chemical name:	Basic Copper acetate
Formula:	Cu(OH)2 · (CH3COO)2 · 5 H2O
Refractive index:	alpha = 1.53; gamma = 1.56

How can you identify Verdigris?

Imaging:

UVF: no

IRFC: blue

OM: Intense green crystals of different shapes and sizes. Particles can vary greatly depending upon the method of manufacture, for instance well-crystalised verdigris particles appear like shards of pointed needles; Whereas, particles that have not undergone crystalisation may appear like transparent grains. Due to its varying states, particles are difficult to distinguish, their distinct green colour and resinous quality are the main clues to its identity. Particles exhibit pleochroism, some becoming colourless upon rotation at crossed polars, although some may appear to turn a deep bluish green. Particles are usually 1-30μm in size.

Microscopic appearance at x500 mag

Analytics:

It's identified by means of FTIR and Raman.

Raman spectra: University College London;

FTIR spectra: IRUG

Usage and handling:

Permanence:	Toxicity:
Lightfast: good. Degradation processes: verdigris is fugitive and reacts upon contact with hydrogen sulphides turning black. It is slightly water soluble and very soluble in all acids.	moderately toxic. Verdigris contains cooper, which is rated as toxic from prolonged exposure if inhaled or ingested. Care should be used in handling the dry powder pigment to avoid inhaling the dust. MSDS: Kremer

Literature:

Kühn, H., Grünspan und seine Verwendung in der Malerei, Farbe und Lack, 70, 1964, p. 703-711

Schweizer, F. und Mühletaler, B. Einige Grüne und Blaue Kupferpigmente, Farbe und Lack, 74 1968, p. 1159-73

Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2: A. Roy (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1993, p. 131-147