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Plutarch | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Astronomy Perpetual calendar Month of Moons Today's Moon History Definitions International Do it yourself A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Excerpt of: Plutarch Numa Pompilius, ca. 75 C.E. Plutarch (46 - 119 CE) Plutarch was a biographer and author whose works strongly influenced the evolution of the essay, the biography, and historical writing in Europe from the 16th to the 19th century. Among his approximately 227 works, the most important are the Bioi paralleloi (Parallel Lives), in which he recounts the noble deeds and characters of Greek and Roman soldiers, legislators, orators, and statesmen, and the Moralia, or Ethica, a series of more than 60 essays on ethical, religious, physical, political, and literary topics. He was born in Chaeronea, Boeotia (Greece). His name is Plutarchos (Greek) and Plutarchus (Latin) Numa Pompilius lived around 700 B.C.E. and was the second of the seven kings who, according to Roman tradition, ruled Rome before ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Plutarch.html · 11.7k |
Early Roman Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... The Romans borrowed parts of their earliest known calendar from the Greeks. The calendar consisted of 10 months in a year of 304 days. The Romans seem to have ignored the remaining 61 days, which fell in the middle of winter. The 10 months were named Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. The last six names were taken from the words for five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten. Romulus, the legendary first ruler of Rome, is supposed to have introduced this calendar in the 700s B.C.E. According to tradition, the Roman ruler Numa Pompilius added January and February to the calendar. This made the Roman year 355 days long. To make the calendar correspond approximately to the solar year, Numa also ordered the addition every other year of a month called Mercedinus. ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html · 35.6k |
Credits | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Introduction Credits Books Museum Store Citations A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... (see also books, and Museum store) Key contributor The primary contributor is Claus Tøndering, based in Denmark, who first published his Calendar FAQ in 1997. This novel document used the then-new "Frequently Asked Questions" style of writing to explain the otherwise complex working of calendars in an inviting and understandable way. Since then, he has published several editions online, adding his own research and improvements from other contributors. Other text credits The Maya calendar was compiled by Claus Tøndering based on information from Chris Carrier. Various texts, including the background on our year, the introduction to the Calendars section, the Indian calendar, and the history of the Chinese calendar are adapted from L. E. Dogget. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, P. Kenneth Seidelmann, editor, with permission from University Science Books, ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/credits.html · 20.5k |
History Of Our Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Astronomy Perpetual calendar Month of Moons Today's Moon History Definitions International Do it yourself A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Pope Gregory XIII. Portrait by Lavinia Fontana Pope Gregory XIII dedicated his papacy to implementing the recommendations of the Council of Trent. By the time he reformed the Julian calendar in 1582 (using the observations of Christopher Clavius and Johannes Kepler), it had drifted 10 days off course. To this day, most of the world uses his Gregorian calendar. Before today’s Gregorian calendar was adopted, the older Julian calendar was used. It was admirably close to the actual length of the year, as it turns out, but the Julian calendar was not so perfect that it didn’t slowly shift off track over the following centuries. But, hundreds of years later, monks were the only ones with any free time for scholarly pursuits – and they were discouraged from thinking about the matter of "secular time" for any reason ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html · 18.7k |
The Christian Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... The "Christian calendar" is the term traditionally used to designate the calendar commonly in use, although it originated in pre-Christian Rome. This calendar is used by the United States, and most countries in the world. This section presents historical information about the Christian calendar. For more current information about how our calendar works today, see the section on Our Year. The Christian calendar has years of 365 or 366 days. It is divided into 12 months that have no relationship to the motion of the moon. In parallel with this system, the concept of weeks groups the days in sets of 7. Two main versions of the Christian calendar have existed in recent times: The Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar. The difference between them lies in the way they approximate the length of the tropical year and their ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-christian.html · 27.8k |
Timeline Of Interesting Calendar Facts | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Length of the tropical year, defined as the average interval between vernal equinoxes. This calendar year was the objective of the Gregorian calendar reform, which finalized the calendar as we use it today. 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes (365.2424 Universal days) Lengthening of the vernal equinox year over the last two millennia About 10 seconds (0.0001 universal days per year) Variation of this length in the next few millennia less than 5 seconds Lunar month in 2000 C.E. 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.9 seconds The earliest known date 4236 B.C.E., the founding of the Egyptian calendar Ancient Egyptian calendar year 365 Date Emperor Huangdi invented the Chinese calendar (legend) 2637 B.C.E. Early Chinese year 354 days (lunar year) with days added at intervals to keep the Chinese lunar calendar aligned with the seasons Early Greek year 354 days, with days added Jewish Year 354 days, with days added Early Roman ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/timeline.html · 13.0k |
Definitions Of Our Year | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Astronomy Perpetual calendar Month of Moons Today's Moon History Definitions International Do it yourself A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... The calendar used throughout the world today is the Gregorian calendar. It is sometimes called a "Christian" calendar, and additional historic information about this calendar, and its precursor, the Julian calendar, are available in the history of the Cristian calendar section. The Gregorian calendar is the one commonly used today. It was proposed by Aloysius Lilius, a physician from Naples, and adopted by Pope Gregory XIII (portrait above right) in accordance with instructions from the Council of Trent (1545-1563) to correct for errors in the older Julian Calendar. It was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in a papal bull, Inter Gravissimas, on February 24, 1582 (shown at right). This bull is named "Inter Gravissimas" after its first two words. In the Gregorian calendar, the tropical year is approximated as 365 97/ ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-definitions.html · 34.8k |
The Jewish Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Rabbi with Arba'at Ha-Minim. During the Jewish holiday of Sukkot, one fruit and branches from three plants are waved during a special ceremony that represents service to God. The current definition of the Jewish calendar is generally said to have been set down by the Sanhedrin president Hillel II in approximately C.E. 359. The original details of his calendar are, however, uncertain. The Jewish calendar is used for religious purposes by Jews all over the world, and it is the official calendar of Israel. The Jewish calendar is a combined solar/lunar calendar, in that it strives to have its years coincide with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. This is a complicated goal, and the rules for the Jewish calendar are correspondingly fascinating. Lunisolar calendars use months to approximate ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-jewish.html · 17.3k |
Other Ancient Calendars | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... When did ancient months start? When was the ancient new year? Babylonian calendar Egyptian calendar Other calendars used in the ancient Near East The rainy season Synergy with the earth Cro-magnon man (Lascaux caves in France) Iceland (before literacy) → See detailed information on the early Roman calendar. When did ancient months start? In the eighth century B.C.E., civilizations all over the world either discarded or modified their old 360 day calendars. The 360 day calendars had been in use for the greater part of a millennium. In many places, month lengths immediately after that change were not fixed, but were based instead upon observation of the sky. Priest-astronomers were assigned the duty of declaring when a new month began – it was usually said to have started at the first sighting of a new moon. ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html · 49.5k |
Our Year | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Astronomy Perpetual calendar Month of Moons Today's Moon History Definitions International Do it yourself A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Illuminations of Dante’s Divine Comedy by Giovanni di Paolo (15th century) Dante and Beatrice reach the sun, shown as a golden wheel sending golden rays to the landscape below. The Sun, located in the middle of the orbs, with three lesser above and three below, like the heart in the middle of the body, or a wise king in the middle of his kingdom. The calendar is based on three key astronomical events. A day, which is the time from one sunrise to the next sunrise — one complete rotation of the Earth. A year, which is approximately 365.24 days — one complete orbit of Earth around the Sun. A month, which is approximately 29.53 days — one complete orbit of the Moon around the Earth. Since these time spans are not easily divided, calendars have always been imperfect. Some were rooted in tradition, while others ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year.html · 10.8k |
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