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Indian Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Festival. Surajkund Mela, Haryana, India A group of women dress colorfully for an Indian festival. As a result of a calendar reform in 1957 C.E., the National Calendar of India is a formalized lunisolar calendar in which leap years coincide with those of the Gregorian calendar (Calendar Reform Committee, 1957). However, the initial epoch is the Saka Era, a traditional epoch of Indian chronology. Months are named after the traditional Indian months and are offset from the beginning of Gregorian months (see the table below). In addition to establishing a civil calendar, the Calendar Reform Committee set guidelines for religious calendars, which require calculations of the motions of the Sun and Moon. Tabulations of the religious holidays are prepared by the India Meteorological Department and published annually in The ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-indian.html · 18.4k |
Timeline Of Interesting Calendar Facts | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Length of the tropical year, defined as the average interval between vernal equinoxes. This calendar year was the objective of the Gregorian calendar reform, which finalized the calendar as we use it today. 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes (365.2424 Universal days) Lengthening of the vernal equinox year over the last two millennia About 10 seconds (0.0001 universal days per year) Variation of this length in the next few millennia less than 5 seconds Lunar month in 2000 C.E. 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.9 seconds The earliest known date 4236 B.C.E., the founding of the Egyptian calendar Ancient Egyptian calendar year 365 Date Emperor Huangdi invented the Chinese calendar (legend) 2637 B.C.E. Early Chinese year 354 days (lunar year) with days added at intervals to keep the Chinese lunar calendar aligned with the seasons Early Greek year 354 days, with days added Jewish Year 354 days, with days added Early Roman ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/timeline.html · 13.0k |
Credits | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Introduction Credits Books Museum Store Citations A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... (see also books, and Museum store) Key contributor The primary contributor is Claus Tøndering, based in Denmark, who first published his Calendar FAQ in 1997. This novel document used the then-new "Frequently Asked Questions" style of writing to explain the otherwise complex working of calendars in an inviting and understandable way. Since then, he has published several editions online, adding his own research and improvements from other contributors. Other text credits The Maya calendar was compiled by Claus Tøndering based on information from Chris Carrier. Various texts, including the background on our year, the introduction to the Calendars section, the Indian calendar, and the history of the Chinese calendar are adapted from L. E. Dogget. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, P. Kenneth Seidelmann, editor, with permission from University Science Books, ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/credits.html · 20.5k |
The Chinese Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Chinese New Year Celebrations Chinese New Year parades have their origins in the California Gold Rush, when immigrants sought to share their culture. Today, New Year’s parades take place around the globe. Chinese New Year is the main holiday of the year for more than one quarter of the world’s population. Although the People’s Republic of China uses the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, a special Chinese calendar is used for determining festivals. Various Chinese communities around the world also use this calendar. The beginnings of the Chinese calendar can be traced back to the 14th century B.C.E. Legend has it that the Emperor Huangdi invented the calendar in 2637 B.C.E. The Chinese calendar is based on exact astronomical observations of the longitude of the sun and the phases of the moon. This means that principles of modern science have had an impact on the Chinese calendar. What Does the Chinese Year Look Like? What ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-chinese.html · 25.4k |
The Islamic Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... The Kabba. Mecca, Saudi Arabia. According to Islamic tradition, the cube-shaped Kabba dates back to the time of Abraham. It is the most sacred Muslim site, and the location towards which all Muslims face during prayer. The Islamic calendar (or Hijri calendar) is a purely lunar calendar. It contains 12 months that are based on the motion of the moon, and because 12 synodic months is only 12 x 29.53=354.36 days, the Islamic calendar is consistently shorter than a tropical year, and therefore it shifts with respect to the Christian calendar. The calendar is based on the Qur'an (Sura IX, 36-37) and its proper observance is a sacred duty for Muslims. The Islamic calendar is the official calendar in countries around the Gulf, especially Saudi Arabia. But other Muslim countries use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-islamic.html · 13.5k |
Early Roman Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... The Romans borrowed parts of their earliest known calendar from the Greeks. The calendar consisted of 10 months in a year of 304 days. The Romans seem to have ignored the remaining 61 days, which fell in the middle of winter. The 10 months were named Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. The last six names were taken from the words for five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten. Romulus, the legendary first ruler of Rome, is supposed to have introduced this calendar in the 700s B.C.E. According to tradition, the Roman ruler Numa Pompilius added January and February to the calendar. This made the Roman year 355 days long. To make the calendar correspond approximately to the solar year, Numa also ordered the addition every other year of a month called Mercedinus. ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html · 35.6k |
Other Ancient Calendars | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... When did ancient months start? When was the ancient new year? Babylonian calendar Egyptian calendar Other calendars used in the ancient Near East The rainy season Synergy with the earth Cro-magnon man (Lascaux caves in France) Iceland (before literacy) → See detailed information on the early Roman calendar. When did ancient months start? In the eighth century B.C.E., civilizations all over the world either discarded or modified their old 360 day calendars. The 360 day calendars had been in use for the greater part of a millennium. In many places, month lengths immediately after that change were not fixed, but were based instead upon observation of the sky. Priest-astronomers were assigned the duty of declaring when a new month began – it was usually said to have started at the first sighting of a new moon. ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html · 49.5k |
The Jewish Calendar | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Chinese Christian Indian Islamic Jewish Others Ancient French Future Mayan Roman Perpetual A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Rabbi with Arba'at Ha-Minim. During the Jewish holiday of Sukkot, one fruit and branches from three plants are waved during a special ceremony that represents service to God. The current definition of the Jewish calendar is generally said to have been set down by the Sanhedrin president Hillel II in approximately C.E. 359. The original details of his calendar are, however, uncertain. The Jewish calendar is used for religious purposes by Jews all over the world, and it is the official calendar of Israel. The Jewish calendar is a combined solar/lunar calendar, in that it strives to have its years coincide with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. This is a complicated goal, and the rules for the Jewish calendar are correspondingly fascinating. Lunisolar calendars use months to approximate ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-jewish.html · 17.3k |
Museum Store | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Introduction Credits Books Museum Store Citations A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... (see also Books, and credits) We are often asked about cool calendar-related things we might recommend. The following items relate to calendars and our solar system. Items purchased through these links, as well as through the recommended books, help support WebExhibits. Calendars Calendars can be more than utilitarian; they’re a fun way to express your interests or personality while still keeping track of the days. Whether for yourself or as a gift for a friend, family member, or coworker, the perfect calendar will bring a smile to your face every day of the year – and support WebExhibits in the process. See calendars at Amazon.com Globes of the Earth... In an age where Google Earth and MapQuest make it seem as though the earth’s landmasses and oceans are a click away, traditional globes may seem quaint. Yet spinning a globe fuels flights of imagination, conjures up ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/museumstore.html · 16.9k |
Plutarch | Calendars Calendars exhibit Webexhibit Home Node view Years & months Various Calendars Our Week Timeline About Overview Astronomy Perpetual calendar Month of Moons Today's Moon History Definitions International Do it yourself A page from the "Calendars" exhibit... Excerpt of: Plutarch Numa Pompilius, ca. 75 C.E. Plutarch (46 - 119 CE) Plutarch was a biographer and author whose works strongly influenced the evolution of the essay, the biography, and historical writing in Europe from the 16th to the 19th century. Among his approximately 227 works, the most important are the Bioi paralleloi (Parallel Lives), in which he recounts the noble deeds and characters of Greek and Roman soldiers, legislators, orators, and statesmen, and the Moralia, or Ethica, a series of more than 60 essays on ethical, religious, physical, political, and literary topics. He was born in Chaeronea, Boeotia (Greece). His name is Plutarchos (Greek) and Plutarchus (Latin) Numa Pompilius lived around 700 B.C.E. and was the second of the seven kings who, according to Roman tradition, ruled Rome before ... http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Plutarch.html · 11.7k |
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